Both Sides of Stem Cell Research Essay - 889 Words

Stem Cell Research Paper Stem cell research has been quite a controversial topic since its origin in the 1960s by Gopal Das and Joseph Altman. Of course, anything that uses a human embryo would be. Stem cell research could open a vast number of new doors for modern science, it could let us test new drugs, one of which could be the unfound cure for AIDS or Alzheimer’s disease. However, this branch of science comes at a high price, the price of a human life that is only five to six days old (NIH). It is quite nearly impossible to take a stand in this argument from an unbiased viewpoint. What is a stem cell? A stem cell is an unspecialized cell, meaning it is not a heart, brain, or any other type of cell that has a special purpose,†¦show more content†¦Pluripotent stem cells are just like Totipotent cells, but they can only become cell derived from the three germ layers, which contain over 200 specialized cells. Multipotent stem cells can only become blood cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. Unipotent stem cells can only transform into one type of tissue or specialized cell, but it can divide over and over again (Wikipedia). These embryonic stem cells can divide again and again through mitosis (a type of cell division in all body parts except reproductive parts). Medical specialists and leading scientists conclude, that these cells could help cure as many as seventy-three diseases, which up to now were thought incurable (NIH). The controversy due to embryonic stem cells is quite debatable. Both sides present many strong reason s that prove their point, but it is still, frankly, nearly impossible to take a stand from an unbiased view. This is the first study showing that embryonic stem cells can be used for brain and spinal cord repair in an animal model of a human neurological disease, said researcher Oliver BrÃ… ¸stle (a neuropathologist at the University of Bonn in Germany) referring to the study done on rats (CNN). Just like Oliver BrÃ… ¸stle many scientists around the world agree that embryonic stem cell show much welcomed hope of cure of spinal and brain repair. In addition to healing spinal and brain injuries, the embryonic stem cells can also treat diabetes, a disease which 54%Show MoreRelatedEssay about Embryonic Stem Cell Research1357 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research Embryonic stem cell research is a highly controversial topic in todays society, this kind of stem cell commits to regenerate any type of tissue. Unfortunately, Embryonic Stem Cell Research has a dark side. To obtain these cells will kill the embryo automatically. In other words, the acquirement of the Human Embryonic Stem Cell includes performing an abortion. To obtain these cells, it would kill the embryo. This has created controversy since abortion is suchRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1292 Words   |  6 PagesEmbryonic stem cells research is the most debated type of stem cell research. The moral standings of embryonic stem cell research have been debated since the research started. The side against the research claims that it is wrong to value one’s life above another and that the elimination of the most basic form of life is murder. While the side supporting the research claims that the research could bring about the cure for many types of diseases and help save the lives of millions. Embryonic stem cellsRead MoreEssay On Human Life1389 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscovery of human embryonic stem cells. This sparked curiosity and enlightenment in the eyes of medical professionals everywhere. Nineteen years later the world is riddles with a plethora of controversy, fabrication, and fallacies in regards to the use of embryonic stem cells. Contrary to this, these â€Å"super cells† have the growing potential to put an end to many medical disputes. Firstly, to understand the stigma and information behind embryonic stem cell research, there must be a common understandingRead MoreStem Cell Research : Is It Humane?1686 Words   |  7 Pages2 25 February 2015 Stem-Cell Research--Is it humane? The studying of stem cells is a very controversial issue that has been around since 1998 when the research of the use of embryonic stem cell treatment began. The main issues surrounding the discussion of treating people with life-altering disabilities through the use of these pluripotent cells is the ethicality of the matter and whether or not it is a savage act against a fetus. Many who oppose the use of these stem cells derived from excessRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Therapy1511 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Stem cells are homogeneous cells found in the human body which have potential to change into, or differentiate into a range of specific types of cells (Stoppler, 1996). The refurbishment and protection of many adult tissues are safeguarded by stem cells (SCs) which exist in the top of the cellular sorting section of these tissues (Beck, 2013). Practical assessments, such as transplantation, in vitro clonogenic assesses (technique used to study efficacy of exact agents in terms of theRead MoreEssay on Stem Cell Research: Should it be Permitted?868 Words   |  4 PagesStem cell related diseases affect over 100 million americans (White). Right now, there are plenty of government funds for stem cell research, and if we continue on the same path as we are now, stem cell research should be successful; however, the ethics used for embryonic stem cell research are incomprehensibly horrific (Stem cell policy). If this continues to be funded, it could have answers to numerous major disease s, including why they are caused, prevention, and cures for the diseases. MoreRead MoreThe Federal Funding Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1554 Words   |  7 PagesThe subject in this article is about the federal funding of embryonic stem-cell research. The argument is about Research on human embryonic stem cells and the development of therapies for chronic and debilitating diseases. The question is should the federal government of the United States provide funding for the stem cell research? The thesis of the argument is â€Å"others worry that even if research on embryos is not wrong in itself, it will open the way to a slippery slope of dehumanizing practicesRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1196 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversy over the topic of stem cell research. It seems to be that the main controversy when it comes to the topic of stem cell research is an ethical debate, and because of this it seems that the side opposing stem cell research always wins due to the ir use of pathos when it comes to their argument. I personally do not side with those against the idea of stem cell research because I believe that the pros outweigh the cons when you break it down this way. Stem cell research could be the gateway to findingRead MoreEthical Concerns Of Stem Cell Research1508 Words   |  7 Pagesof Stem Cell Research This day in age disease, infection, disorders and mysterious syndromes are more present now than ever. */***You forget to wash your hands after using the restroom? You just spread viruses like E.Coli and put someone s life in danger*/***. But in a world full of diseases that are seemingly becoming harsher and more resistant to conventional treatments, answers to the latest ailments are popping up in the form of miniscule pieces biological tissue called stem cells. Stem cellsRead MoreSpinal Cord Injury Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pagespluripotent stem cells have found a way to potentially cure this condition, with the grafting of iPS cells to the human spine. It is impossible to argue with the results of recent research studies, which clearly demonstrate its capability to treat this condition. However, there is still some way to go until these studies can be applied to the treatment of humans, furthermore there are still many obstacles that must be overcome before research can proceed to the next level. iPS cells have the potential

Does Texting Affect Writing Essay - 1392 Words

Does Texting Affect Writing: A Critical Analysis of the Influence of Text Speak in Student’s Writing We as a society are evolving with each generation to come. We are getting stronger, faster, and smarter. Just as cell phones are no longer square blocks with numbers on them and TV’s are not in black and white, writing itself has also evolved. Once upon a time many wrote and spoke in a Shakespearean form of language and over the years it has evolved into something we call modern English. In recent years, technology has advanced greatly and cell phones have become one of our primary use of communication. With cell phones came a new form of writing called text messaging. Text messaging is used to send short, concise messages to anyone around the world. Often times text messages involve the use of abbreviations which stand for different things and also involves frequent use of emoji’s as a form of expression. This form of writing is now considered informal writing and is not acceptable in academic settings. In Michaela Cullington’s essay â€Å"Does Texting Affect W riting?† she touches on both sides of whether texting is hindering students writing or if it’s actually having a positive effect. She then makes is clear that she believes most students are educated enough to know when text speak is appropriate and when it’s not so therefore it has no effect on students. Although, I agree with her thesis, she lacks credibility due to her insufficient evidence. In addition, I also believeShow MoreRelatedDoes Texting Affect Writing By Michaela Cullington739 Words   |  3 PagesPatrick Angyal English 1013 September 6, 2017 Summary Essay In Michaela Cullington’s essay titled, â€Å"Does Texting Affect Writing?† the author tests the ongoing question of how today’s youth handles the effects of texting in the education system. Using successful evidence from both sides of the argument as well as participating in her own experiment, Cullington is able to fully demonstrate how texting does not interfere with today’s students and their abilities to write formally in the classroom. To openRead MoreThe Effects Of Texting On Teens And Their Writing886 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent discussion of, â€Å"Does Texting Affects Writing† by Michaela Cullington, one view is that texting has a negative impact on teens and their writing. Cullington shows both sides of what students, teachers, and professors have to say about the issue of texting; yet after research this belief may not prove to be true. Then she writes about personal experience regarding the issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Text has become one of the most common ways teenagers communicate with others. This led to many people believingRead MoreComment and Response to Texting and Writing by Michaela Cullington691 Words   |  3 PagesComment and Response to Texting and Writing by Michaela Cullington After reading Texting and Writing, by Michaela Cullington, I do not agree with many of her viewpoints. Cullington argues that texting does not affect a students writing. Textspeak, the abbreviation and shortening of words like used when writing a text message, does affect the way a student writes because they use the abbreviations, and their writings tend to lack punctuation. When a writer uses excessive abbreviations on a regularRead MoreHow Texting Affects Teen Literacy1624 Words   |  7 Pages How Texting Affects Teen Literacy When most people think about teen literacy, they refer to texting. Most people think that texting harms teenagers, but in reality it does not. Text messaging is perhaps one of the things people do most daily, especially teenagers. These days teens are nearly inseparable from their phones. Teenagers are growing with an increasing rate with these cell phones. Teens depend on their cell phones to get through day to day things dealing with personal and professionalRead MoreThe Effects Of Texting On Children s Children1120 Words   |  5 Pagestool to a social tool (Marilyn, 2005). Texting is such an important communicate channel for teenagers, but what does texting mean exactly? Texting is an action which describes not using proper English grammar to send messages. Data suggest, 63% of all teens said they exchange text messages with other people every day. Until today, this trend is still continue developing. The most teenagers all said they cannot leave text in lives (Kuehn, 2012), doe s it affect school-aged children in literacy? AbsolutelyRead MoreTexting And Teen Literacy : Understanding And Knowing How Texting Affects Literacy Overall, Particularly With Teenagers1206 Words   |  5 PagesTexting and Teen Literacy My personal interest in researching this topic is understanding and knowing how texting affects literacy overall, especially with teenagers. I know that communication has evolved and as we move forward with technology, there are/will be positive and negative results that will arise and affect our daily and normal lives in how we communicate This will affect not only our day-to-day communication but also in how we learn. I would like to know more about this topic becauseRead MoreTechnology And Technology1027 Words   |  5 Pages An example of this scenario, is the essay â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid?† by author Nicholas Carr where he talks about how the Net is becoming a bigger part of our lives, and how it is consuming our minds. Another example, is the essay â€Å"Does Texting Affect Writing?† by author Michaela Cullington where she discusses how many teachers and professors believe text messaging has affected many students in their ability to write. One reason why I believe new technology is a threat to our brains is becauseRead MoreTexting : How It Is Ruining The English Language?989 Words   |  4 PagesLanguage Texting is a convenient little invention; one can just send small messages to his or her friends with the push of a few buttons. It is a fast and effortless way to communicate, but has anyone thought of the potential harmful effects of texting? Sure, people think about the messages that were taken the wrong way, or messages meant to be insignificant, but what is the worst thing that can happen? What about the destruction of an entire language? People think nothing of texting because theyRead MoreInfluence of Texting on Literacy847 Words   |  4 Pagescountries own smart phones that have the ability to send and receive text messages. Texting, short messaging services, has existed since the early 1990s and today, 64% of teenagers in the United States participate in texting. Psychologists from various universities such as Coventry University and University of Tasmania have composed studies to establish if texting does, in fact, have an affect on literacy. Texting and literacy have been shown to be linked in these various studies and articles. TodayRead MoreMobile Phones And Its Impact On The Way1559 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s world you cannot go anywhere without seeing at least one person attached to their cell phone texting. This day and age sending a text is the quickest and most efficient form of communication. The Berkman Center for Internet Society at Harvard University found that (78%) of teens now have a cell phone and almost half (47%) of those teens have smartphones. That translates into (37%) of all teens who have cellphones, up from just (23%) in 2011(Madden). Today, people tend to use their

In 1976, the US Senate ordered a fresh inquiry int Essay Example For Students

In 1976, the US Senate ordered a fresh inquiry int Essay o the assassination of John F Kennedy, who was murdered in 1963 during a motorcade in Dallas, Texas. People who had been involved in the original Warren Commission investigations were asked to make fresh statements. The FBI and the CIA were persuaded to release more of their documents on Oswald. New lines of inquiry were opened and individuals who had not previously given evidence were persuaded to come forward. Most important of all, pieces of evidence such as photos and sound recordings were subjected to scientific analysis using the most up-to-date methods and equipment. The House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) completed their investigation in 1979 and they finally came to a discrete verdict that Lee Harvey Oswald fired three shots at Kennedy, one of which killed the president. The fourth shot was fired from the grassy knoll. They concluded that John Kennedy was assassinated as a result of a conspiracy. There are many reasons why the HSCA came to this verdict, but firstly it was important that the American people understood why this case was re-opened over a decade later! The investigation was set up as direct result of the assassinations of two other major political figures; the civil rights leader, Dr Martin Luther King and the Presidents brother Robert Kennedy, in 1968. Naturally this aroused immense suspicion and the American public started questioning why so many key US figures had been assassinated in the space of just four years when previously this type of incident had been rare. At the time there was also an increasing amount of corruption and scandal within the government. This alarmed the public who had completely trusted the government before. The Watergate Scandal in 1974 involving President Nixon had clearly shown that this was not the case anymore. Nixon had abused his authority and power to his advantage. This indicated that even politicians were prone to sleaze and scandal. As a result of this, people also started questioning the behaviour of the government. This is most likely why they were more receptive in accepting that Kennedy was the victim of a conspiracy, later on. The public also became increasingly interested in the Kennedy assassination as books such as Rush to judgement by Mark Lane and Inquest by Edward Jay Epstein, started to be written. They immediately became best sellers and played a large role in raising awareness regarding the assassination. As a result people started to inquire more and rumours began that other people or organisations had been involved in Kennedys assassination i.e there had been a conspiracy. As people became more and more aware about the events surrounding the assassination, many blamed the Dallas police as being incompetent in handling the whole investigation. They had proven to be extremely unorganised despite the fact that the President had just been murdered. The fact that interviews hadnt been recorded was one of the reasons why there was so much confusion. Yet the only excuse the Dallas police could come up with was that they couldnt find a tape recorder! The questions that were asked by the officers proved to worthless and what little records were kept are said to be inadequate. However more seriously, the Dallas police were wildly believed to be at fault for Oswalds death and even the world wide doubt over his guilt. Even though previously an attempt had been made to kill Oswald, no further security precautions had been taken to prevent this from happening again. Considering that they were holding the alleged assassin of the President in custody, the security was appalling. At the hands of Jack Ruby, one bullet had proved sufficient enough to kill Oswald. .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5 , .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5 .postImageUrl , .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5 , .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5:hover , .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5:visited , .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5:active { border:0!important; } .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5:active , .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5 .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uef1a5b4b57f2f494bbb70a6f7a625fb5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: TOK Essay Summary The fact that reporters were allowed to mingle around Oswald as he was escorted out of court, probably caused the death. Public access to Oswald should not have been permitted under any circumstance. Oswald was murdered in front of cameras and video footage of the incident shows that the police didnt make hardly any attempts to prevent the murder, but literally just stood there. Many people have found this to be extremely suspicious. Some believe that Jack Ruby killed Oswald to silence him and the police .

The Olympics have been bringing people of differen Essays - Sports

The Olympics have been bringing people of different backgrounds together for much longer than many people realize. The first ancient Olympic Games can be traced all the way back to 776 BC, when they were dedicated to honoring the Olympian gods. Centuries later, the Olympics were institutionalized in 1896, with a broader purpose of bringing people of different nationalities together in order for them to build meaningful relationships across borders and languages. More specifically, by bringing people closer and making the world a more united place, the International Olympic Committee now hopes to promote "a way of life based on the joy of effort, the educational value of good example, social responsibility and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles." While these goals have been achieved to a limited degree since 1896, contemporary Olympics have largely failed to effectively promote these core values as players become more and more obsessed with winning and less with main taining the integrity of the Olympics. In fact, recent games show countless cases of blood doping, drug abuse, bribery within the IOC, and even outright cheating among the players. Clearly, these incidents are hardly representative of the core values of responsibility and respect the IOC is striving for, and it does not seem like this trend is going to decrease any time soon. In recent years, the number of drug abuse among the players have increased dramatically, bringing the integrity of the Olympics into question. According to the Smithsonian article, "The Top Athletes Looking for an Edge and the Scientists Trying to Stop Them," doping is nothing new to the Olympics. Even the ancient Greeks ingested special drinks to enhance their performances and it was not until 1960 when Daniel cyclist Knut Jensen passed out during a race due to drug-overuse that the Drug testing was established in 1968. In 1999 and 2000, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) were established respectively to oversee drug testing with the Olympic organizers. The original purpose of setting up this system of drug testing was to prevent athletes from overdosing to the point of fatal injury or even death. The IOC president Thomas Bach would say that this system is by and large working, with increased numbers of more rigorous anti-doping tests, acc ording to the Sydney Morning Herald. Bach even said the number of positive tests "is not really relevant" because he believes what really matters is that the athletes who abuse drug are being caught. However, from the perspective of the IOC president, it is hardly surprising that Bach would promote the drug testing system in a positive light. However, as Aschwanden points out in the Smithsonian article, the increased drug use is becoming a "high-stakes competition between Olympic athletes who use banned substances and drug testers out to catch them," which is most definitely not reflective of "social responsibility and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles." The simple fact that the drug tests even need to be continually fortified to prohibit unfair advantages goes against the core values the IOC hopes to promote, regardless of how effective the tests are. Furthermore, the credibility of the drug tests is not as strong as Bach states it is. As Aschwanden notes, offici als are reluctant to tarnish their stars so the governing body that oversees the drug tests might not always be rigorous about prohibiting drug use. This means the number of athletes caught with the drug test might not necessarily be representative of the athletes who actually use prohibited substances. Therefore, the questionable credibility of the drug tests, in addition to the continual fortification of the tests themselves, shows that the core values of the Olympics have not been in recent games. Additionally, the IOC that is supposed to work to promote its core values has also been deeply associated with rampant bribery that are not reflective of the organization's mission. For example, the Salt Lake City Olympic scandal in 2002 revealed that there were up to 16 IOC members who have been involved in the bribery for decades. According to the article "Olympic Games: IOC report shows decades of bribery,'" a confidential IOC report showed that Salt Lake City spent more than 400,000 pounds in

Free Essays on Stalin And The Terror

Josef Stalin’s use of mass murder and extermination was perhaps the most horrific act in history. His complete disregard for human life was basically unmatched by any other dictator in history. He covered the entire country of Russia in a blanket of fear, the fear that their life could be taken at any moment for having the slightest connection to anything that Stalin disliked. Maybe it was a greed for power and control, maybe it was racism and bloodlust, but either way, its effects were devastating to the country. There could be various motivations for Stalin’s use of terror. But perhaps the most obvious or most sensible is plainly his lust for power. He would seem to go to any length to gain as much power as possible. This is best stated by document 3, when it says, â€Å"†¦he was determined to be in a position of absolute control, ruling as an autocrat with no restraints of any kind.† He simply wanted complete control, at any costs. There was nothing that he wasn’t willing to do to reach the goal. The terror and murder seems to have been very widespread. The constant threat of being exterminated for any reason kind of crippled the entire country. This is best proof of this comes from document 7 when it states, â€Å"What is sometimes neglected by those of us who never faced such things, is the extreme intensity with which the terror bore down not only upon its victims but upon the population as a whole.† This makes it quite clear that this mass murder had an effect on everyone. Not just those directly involved in the terror. It The Soviet Union reacted very passively to Stalin’s terror. The country had a history of being weak in the face of any exerted governmental power, which is basically summed up in document 11. Also, simply the fact that so many people were allowed to be killed is a testament to this idea. Millions and Millions were exterminated before anything was done. That shows how they reacted to Stalin. ... Free Essays on Stalin And The Terror Free Essays on Stalin And The Terror Josef Stalin’s use of mass murder and extermination was perhaps the most horrific act in history. His complete disregard for human life was basically unmatched by any other dictator in history. He covered the entire country of Russia in a blanket of fear, the fear that their life could be taken at any moment for having the slightest connection to anything that Stalin disliked. Maybe it was a greed for power and control, maybe it was racism and bloodlust, but either way, its effects were devastating to the country. There could be various motivations for Stalin’s use of terror. But perhaps the most obvious or most sensible is plainly his lust for power. He would seem to go to any length to gain as much power as possible. This is best stated by document 3, when it says, â€Å"†¦he was determined to be in a position of absolute control, ruling as an autocrat with no restraints of any kind.† He simply wanted complete control, at any costs. There was nothing that he wasn’t willing to do to reach the goal. The terror and murder seems to have been very widespread. The constant threat of being exterminated for any reason kind of crippled the entire country. This is best proof of this comes from document 7 when it states, â€Å"What is sometimes neglected by those of us who never faced such things, is the extreme intensity with which the terror bore down not only upon its victims but upon the population as a whole.† This makes it quite clear that this mass murder had an effect on everyone. Not just those directly involved in the terror. It The Soviet Union reacted very passively to Stalin’s terror. The country had a history of being weak in the face of any exerted governmental power, which is basically summed up in document 11. Also, simply the fact that so many people were allowed to be killed is a testament to this idea. Millions and Millions were exterminated before anything was done. That shows how they reacted to Stalin. ...

General Classification of Main Essay Types The Top 10

General Classification of Main Essay Types The Top 10 What is an essay? Interestingly, but the majority of students gets confused or even stressed the very moment they are  asked to come up with this piece of academic work. Firstly, an essay evaluates an issue, with the purpose to present your personal academic opinion on a given subject. Secondly, each type of writing is designed to convey a certain message and perform a certain function. Thirdly, you have to take various viewpoints into account, organize them properly reflect the informed opinion on the topic.   offers premium quality services in writing different types of essays. You will get top-quality writing, done in strict accordance with your requirements.  Order now  and save your time! 10 Most Common Essay Types to Feel Quite at Home in Academic Setting Descriptive Essay  |  Definition Essay  |  Compare and Contrast Essay  |  Cause and Effect  |  Narrative Essay  |  Process Essay  |  Argumentative Essay  |  Critical Essay  |  Expository Essay  |  Persuasive Essay An essay is like an empty canvas. So, fill it with vivid and clear ideas! Vivid picture + clear understanding are your top priorities. These Are the  Top Types of Essay Writing #1 Descriptive Essay, or What’s This? A descriptive essay describes whatever one likes, sees, feels, makes or how it works, happens, sounds, tastes, smells – from the beautiful flower in a vase to the process of honey-making by bees.  Descriptive essays provide every sensory detail of what is actually described. DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY EXAMPLE #2 Definition Essays, or Love Is†¦ A definition essay defines the true meaning + importance of abstract concepts, timeless values, specific terms. Definition essays explain deeper more directly than dictionaries. Here are TOP-7 effective transitions for definition: speaking about (this), in other words, (or) rather, moreover, in fact, on the one/the other hand, above all. GET IDEA TO WRITE YOUR DEFINITION ESSAY #3 Compare Contrast Essays, or Spot the Difference/Similarity! A compare/contrast essay explores either differences or similarities (likenesses) between 2 places, religions, people, things, concepts, etc.  Comparison/contrast essays focus on the similarities and/or differences, which is done to convince or entertain the reader. A compare essay reviews the similarities, a contrast essay reviews the differences. TOP 30 TOPICS FOR COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY   #4 Cause Effect Essays, or How It Comes A cause/effect essay explains the way why things happen, how it comes what follows next.  Cause/effect essays resemble a study of how it all began what will be the conclusion of all this. This type of essays may address either causes effects tied together, or each of them alone. For example, 3 effects as a result of 1 cause or 3 causes resulting in 1 effect. Here are TOP-7 effective transitions for cause-and-effect: for the (simple) reason that, due to (the fact that), whatever happens, in case, even/only if, as a result (of this), thus/consequently/therefore.   READ A SAMPLE OF A CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY #5 Narrative Essays, or One Night I Fell to Thinking of the Past†¦ A narrative essay always tells a story about a single personal experience – either a boring party or an exciting sightseeing excursion, daily routine event or life-shaping voyage.  Narrative essays are generally written in the 1st person, using ‘I’. #6 Process Essays, or Step-by-Step Guide A process essay typically guides on how to do this or that, how this or that is done. It’s a walkthrough, the so-called ‘stepwise refinement’.  Process essays work out in detail, demonstrating specific actions/giving specific instructions to be performed in a series. Here are TOP-7 effective transitions for process discussion: in the (first, second, etc.) place, initially, next, eventually, last but not least, finally, in conclusion. #7 Argumentative Essays, or 5 Watertight Arguments Why You Should  Learn to Write Essays An argumentative essay functions as a means for a writer to get a solid argument across to a reader. The purpose of this type of essay is to express an argument in order  to sway the reader to see the topic  through the author’s point of view. It is a useful type of essay for students of any educational level because it is good practice to not only argue a case but also to articulate one’s thoughts on a certain matter. This type of essay uses stern language, solid facts, and undeniable examples as proof that the argument is immaculate. Without these features, the argumentative essay ceases to flow well and comes across as weak.  A good argumentative writer has a solid sense of what he or she believes should be said in any situation. They also have an organized idea of how to articulate the argument against possible opposing ideas. ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY TOPICS #8 Critical Essays, or The Court Delivers a Verdict A critical essay brings somebody or something into focus, analyzing the strengths or weaknesses of things, events, people, etc. Critical essays discuss how well the work is done whether its creator has managed the task by conveying the message in his/her book, film, painting. Here are TOP-7 effective transitions for criticism: frankly speaking, with attention to, important to realize, another key point, first thing to remember, most compelling evidence, on the positive/negative side CRITICAL ESSAY #9 Expository Essay An expository essay is an essay that requires extensive research on an idea or issue. The writer must present an  evaluation of the issue and the conclusion based on  his or her findings. One of the functions of  this essay format is to learn how to conduct a  research. Research requires a certain set of skills. It takes a lot of practice to obtain them.  Students may want to draw from their own experiences when discussing certain issues they write about. But through expository essay writing, students will find out,  that doing research can be rewarding. Expository essay writing brings a new light to an aspect or idea they probably would not have come to on their own. Expository essays are opinion based essays, so there are no wrong answers when presenting it. However, expect this essay type to be at least 5 paragraphs in length. READ A SAMPLE OF AN EXPOSITORY ESSAY #10 Persuasive Essay Unlike the argumentative essay, the persuasive essay’s main purpose is to persuade readers towards the authors case. Argumentative essays express an argument or opinion. They are not meant to change the reader’s perspective. Most persuasive essays focus on current issues and what people should do about them. Persuasive essays can be  really challenging. Students must show confidence and authority in their writing. They must come across as credible writers. When a persuasive essay loses its credibility, it will ultimately lose the reader. In everyday life situations, charm allows a person to easily persuade another one. Since a persuasive essay is a written piece, it lacks that personal connection. So, the writer should present strong views to sway their readers and do not come across as pushy. Most writers and persuasive essay authors are able to find their own personal connection to their readers through their writing experience. Many students find this as a challenge early on, but with practice and guidance, they soon write persuasive essays naturally. 30 IDEAS FOR PERSUASIVE ESSAY TOPICS is your one-stop shop when it comes to different types of writing. Various types of essay, any complexity level, any length, a number of pages and formatting we are the ones who are ready to help. We are in this business since 2005 and we know how to write standing out  essays. Pick any of our top writers and you will get a paper that stands out! Order now and we will get right to the job!

Role play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Role play - Essay Example As such, they have a closer look of things or a firsthand perspective of operations and services in a department. They are in a strategic position to detect any system deficiencies. As such they can report the deficiencies and propose reengineering that can be done to reverse or improve the situation. The recommendations offered by nurse leaders are based on experience and continuous research. Thus, such recommendations are highly effective and likely to be implemented. As noted, reengineering results in a leaner and efficient healthcare system. In this regard, nurse leaders can use their leadership positions to lodge formal proposals on issues that need changes in departments. As discussed, nurse leaders have a direct link to nurses and thus can collect actionable information from the nurses and patients. Nurse leaders have a direct role of assigning role and hence can identify deficiencies and fill them accordingly. There are situations that may demand more nurses than the others for optimal performance. Hence, nurse leaders can have a direct influence on health care reengineering. Ellerbe,  S., & Regen,  D. (2012). Responding to Health Care Reform by Addressing the Institute of Medicine Report on the Future of Nursing. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 36(3), 210-216. Retrieved from

Is Volunteering Valuable for Youth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is Volunteering Valuable for Youth - Essay Example A billionaire may give millions for construction of home for flood victims, but might not be present on the ground. On the other hand, a youthful volunteer may not be giving money, but may offer his/her efforts to help in the reconstruction. Consequently, volunteers will be able to see the problems on the ground level and appreciate the gravity of the situation better than anyone else. One of the reasons why youths should volunteer is because most of them do not have money or stuff to give to the disadvantaged. â€Å"Low income kids love to volunteer just as much as the others and given a chance they can take place actively, since they may have been recipients of giving they appreciate and understand the importance of doing the same to others† (Clemmitt 88). A student, in as much as he would like to help homeless people he may not afford to give them money since he may also be badly in need of it. Herein, it shall be undertaken to prove volunteering is very valuable to the you th. According to Molly in a study on volunteering carried out for the Nevada University, the youths who take part in volunteer work are 50 % less likely to use/abuse drugs, abuse alcohol, or get unplanned pregnancies (Latham pg. 2 Para 4). As mentioned earlier, volunteers donate time which they spend performing different duties such as helping in the kitchen or working in an old people’s home or hospice. Youths who are engaged in such activities will find themselves fully occupied in body and mind; thus, they will have no motivation or cause to involve themselves in drug abuse and other vices. Most people use drugs to fill a space in their lives and others because of boredom because of being unoccupied for long periods. However, this will not happen to youths who dedicate their time and effort to helping the less fortunate, or participating in worthy causes through volunteering. They will have a safe avenue to put into work their extra energy to use. Furthermore, the experien ces they encounter in the course of their volunteering may bring out their emotions through sadness and empathy, hence, helping them to express themselves and purge their negative emotions without resorting to self-destructive behavior often characteristic of many youths. The pressures placed upon youths today by their demanding work and education schedules have led to increase in cases of mental problems like depression and other mental illness. These pressures can lead to a variety of mental illnesses like depression that in turn leads to youths feeling oppressed and alienated. However, if youths volunteer to assist disadvantaged kids and homeless people, they are able to see their problems in a better perspective. Through volunteer work, youths often interact with people who have had to live in hardships and near intolerable lives. Similarly, some of the students in Tulane are quite privileged working with the poor and less fortunate makes them experience the challenges other hav e to go through in person (Clemmitt 85). This enables the youths to appreciate themselves and realize they are other people with bigger problems than theirs. Moreover, â€Å"People who volunteer feel optimistic about life especially when they get to observe the terrible straits of others; this makes them consider themselves to be blessed and lucky (Leones 5). This is analogous to the adage about the man who leant to appreciate life when he was complaining that he had no

Brand Extension Essay Example for Free

Brand Extension Essay Brand extension is a marketing strategy according to which a company marketing a product or a service launches a new offering (product or service) that is related to the one of the existing brands of the company, but offers different benefits and/or targets a different segment. Organizations use this strategy to increase and leverage upon their brand equity. When a firm is introducing a new product, it has the following 3 choices on branding: 1. Developing a new brand for the new product 2. Using the existing brand for the new product 3. Combining the new brand and the existing brand The use of 2nd and 3rd strategy is referred to as brand extension. Brands may be classified as one of the following: Parent Brand: If an existing brand gives birth to a brand extension, it is referred to as parent brand. Sub Brand: When a new brand is combined with an existing brand, it is called as sub brand. Family Brand: If a parent brand has links with multiple brands through brand extensions then it is called as family brand. Brand Extension Dimensions There are a large number of ways in which brand extension can be accomplished. One of the vital differences is if the extension is in the same or different category of the product. Thus they can be classified as: vertical or horizontal extensions. Vertical extensions Vertical extensions refer to the introduction of a related brand in the same product category but having a different price and quality balance. Vertical extensions offer the firm a quickest way to leverage upon the core product’s equity. As an extension strategy, vertical extension is widely practiced in many industries. For example, within automobile industry, the various brand models attempt to offer different price-quality bundles to attract various market segments. Often a product is extended in an attempt to just gain more of the market share. Vertical extension direction New product introductions using vertical extensions can extend in 2 directions, upscale and downscale vertical extensions. The vertical brand extension is that type of new product introduction that seems to be carrying less risk and seemingly having more appeal to management. The new product which is being introduced is in the same category as the parent product; aims at a same market segment as the parent, and may or may not enjoy the same acceptance as the parent. Upscale vertical extensions Upscale extensions involve a new product introduction by the firm with higher price quality characteristics than the original product. Downscale vertical extensions It involves a new product introduction with lower price quality characteristics than the original. Downscale vertical extensions may target sampling to a new segment, and bring some gain in market share. Horizontal extensions Generally, horizontal brand extensions either use or extend an existing product’s name to a new product in the same product category or to a product category new to the organization. There are 2 types of horizontal extensions which differ in terms of their focus area. They are termed as line extensions and category extensions. Line Extensions All the customers differ in terms of their usage needs. The brand has to fill the market with variety of products as per the needs of the segments. If a parent brand is used to brand a new product that targets a new segment in the market within the same product category that was previously served by the parent brand, it is called as line extension. Line extension leads to the addition of a new and distinct flavour or ingredient to the category. It sometimes might also lead to a new application for the brand or an introduction of a different form or size. For example, Bisleri is the pioneering brand in category of mineral water. Originally, Bisleri started off with 1 ltr bottle. But recently, the brand has launched bottles of different sizes and quantities.

Creationism for Kids on the Web :: Religious Issues Internet Science Essays

Creationism for Kids on the Web How is it that this age old question of evolution versus creation can turn otherwise friends and colleagues against one another? Much of it has to do with the very fact that we are discussing the matter and how it relates to children. It seems that much of the controversy that is stirred up by this issue revolves around how children will perceive Darwinian â€Å"social teachings† or social Darwinism. Will studying evolution corrupt the morals of school-aged children? I began my research pondering the following: Can children that look at website-based material learn the latest material from both a scientific and biblical perspective? Some sub-questions that emerged are Can students learn about both sides in order to form their own opinions? Are creation-based websites dangerous because they make students believe that in order to be good â€Å"Christians† it is their duty to turn only towards â€Å"the truth† and away from science or anything that might shed doubts upon their beliefs? After researching three main websites and speaking to two of the three website originators I’ve become convinced that teaching children to stop questioning once they’ve been taught the answer is a dangerous position. In no other subject in life do we encourage children to stop their minds from growing once they have attained a certain belief of the way things ought to be. Why is it that we often teach religion without question? This paper seeks to examine two main themes. The first is a brief history of how creationism became so critical an issue for debate, especially in terms of children. Why are most Christian (evangelists) so particular about what their children learn in school about evolution, even to the extent that some send their children to home school or private institutions? Secondly, I look at three main websites that are dedicated in full or in part to educating young minds about creationism or creation-science. The sites www.kids4truth.com, answersingensis.org, and drdino.com all have similar ideas about what is appropriate for school-aged youth to be learning about creationism. After talking to two of the website creators/maintainers, I was able to try to understand more fully the philosophy behind educating children on the principles of Creationism. Part I. Literature and Website Review: Creationist Views Creation ,Creationism, Creation –science: A brief History Creationism is defined by the American Heritage Dictionary as the â€Å"belief in the literal interpretation of the account of the creation of the universe and of all living things related in the Bible.

Sample work

A postal scale for products weighing up to 2 pounds. Because of the specific words used that sentence they would have to use a direct distribution method. B. Children's toys: (1) radio controlled model airplanes costing $80 or more, (2) small rubber balls. Usually with children toys you are able to use an indirect distribute channel, because you can house all of the supplies for the distribution of those toys. The small rubber balls would be a prime example of this because you would need a facility to house these items for retail.But in the case of the radio controlled airplane hat is a specific item were there would be no need for storage of this item due to not knowing the quantities needed for sale. This would benefit to be a direct distribution method. C. Heavy-duty, rechargeable, battery-powered nut tightness for factory production lines. This would have be an item that would need a storage facility near that production plant; because until they are established and understanding of the demand of this product you would need to know if to stock up on this certain item or is it going to be a product that will sit shelved for a while.D. Fiberglass fabric used in making roofing shingles. Because fiberglass is a product that needs to be handled with care it could become damaged during the shipping and storing of the product even before it would reach the consumer. Since this valued product is need to make the final end product this would have to be a direct method of distribution for the fiberglass. Chapter 12 Question 6: In my community I see with the retailers is also seen across the nation, because the one problem that is developed in these retail stores is taught at all of them.They all use the same approach and utilize the same concept at every store whether it be on the east coast or the west coast. This method is good to cover all spectrums but what now people are doing is seeking out those online retailers to get the specifics for their areas since the r etailers are not adapting their surroundings. I believe that if the retailers want to survive even the cyber wave that is going on now they need to adapt their policy, maybe even reach out their approach into the online markets move With the times and stop trying to fix a broken record.New retailers are developing every day and are becoming just as or more successful than the tradition stores because the online retailers saw the need coming and established the eating for them. Chapter 13 Question 2 The integrated marketing concept will ensure that all forms of communications and messages are carefully linked together; you would need to use all the promotional tools by integrating them all together and making sure they are working are their peak performance.With a good firm that is in their promotional blend there can be certain aspects of the marketing and the selling that can fall through the cracks. So with the consistent and complete use of the communications even during those pr omotional blends there isn't any form of communications that is going unheard or countryside. All the forms of the sales and marketing efforts need to work at their peak performance also to make the thriving sales. Marketing Strategy The HAVE marketing strategy for the veterinary services is used within a 10 mile radius of Wellington.The campaigning objective is to get the information out there about their products and business. There biggest strategy for promotion is the lighted sign right outside their business. The HAVE will have giveaways of smaller items with the company logos on it (I. E. Magnets, business, leashes, bandannas and food bowls). They had even gone as far as appearing the annually parade held in December where everyone in the community was able to see their promotional campaign of the business.

Deception Point Page 29

Rachel noted how careful the President was being not to mention her father. He spoke only in terms of â€Å"the opposition† or â€Å"political opponents.† â€Å"And you think your opposition will cry conspiracy simply for political reasons?† she asked. â€Å"That is the nature of the game. All anyone needs to do is cast a faint doubt, saying that this discovery is some kind of political fraud concocted by NASA and the White House, and all of a sudden, I'm facing an inquiry. The newspapers forget NASA has found proof of extraterrestrial life, and the media starts focusing on uncovering evidence of a conspiracy. Sadly, any innuendo of conspiracy with respect to this discovery will be bad for science, bad for the White House, bad for NASA, and, quite frankly, bad for the country.† â€Å"Which is why you postponed announcing until you had full confirmation and some reputable civilian endorsements.† â€Å"My goal is to present this data in so incontrovertible a way that any cynicism is nipped in the bud. I want this discovery celebrated with the untainted dignity it deserves. NASA merits no less.† Rachel's intuition was tingling now. What does he want from me? â€Å"Obviously,† he continued, â€Å"you're in a unique position to help me. Your experience as an analyst as well as your obvious ties to my opponent give you enormous credibility with respect to this discovery.† Rachel felt a growing disillusionment. He wants to use me†¦ just like Pickering said he would! â€Å"That said,† Herney continued, â€Å"I would like to ask that you endorse this discovery personally, for the record, as my White House intelligence liaison†¦ and as the daughter of my opponent.† There it was. On the table. Herney wants me to endorse. Rachel really had thought Zach Herney was above this kind of spiteful politics. A public endorsement from Rachel would immediately make the meteorite a personal issue for her father, leaving the senator unable to attack the discovery's credibility without attacking the credibility of his own daughter-a death sentence for a â€Å"families first† candidate. â€Å"Frankly, sir,† Rachel said, looking into the monitor, â€Å"I'm stunned you would ask me to do that.† The President looked taken aback. â€Å"I thought you would be excited to help out.† â€Å"Excited? Sir, my differences with my father aside, this request puts me in an impossible position. I have enough problems with my father without going head-to-head with him in some kind of public death match. Despite my admitted dislike of the man, he is my father, and pitting me against him in a public forum frankly seems beneath you.† â€Å"Hold on!† Herney waved his hands in surrender. â€Å"Who said anything about a public forum?† Rachel paused. â€Å"I assume you'd like me to join the administrator of NASA on the podium for the eight o'clock press conference.† Herney's guffaw boomed in the audio speakers. â€Å"Rachel, what kind of man do you think I am? Do you really imagine I'd ask someone to stab her father in the back on national television?† â€Å"But, you said-â€Å" â€Å"And do you think I would make the NASA administrator share the limelight with the daughter of his arch enemy? Not to burst your bubble, Rachel, but this press conference is a scientific presentation. I'm not sure your knowledge of meteorites, fossils, or ice structures would lend the event much credibility.† Rachel felt herself flush. â€Å"But then†¦ what endorsement did you have in mind?† â€Å"One more appropriate to your position.† â€Å"Sir?† â€Å"You are my White House intelligence liaison. You brief my staff on issues of national importance.† â€Å"You want me to endorse this for your staff?† Herney still looked amused by the misunderstanding. â€Å"Yes, I do. The skepticism I'll face outside the White House is nothing compared to what I'm facing from my staff right now. We're in the midst of a full-scale mutiny here. My credibility in-house is shot. My staff has begged me to cut back NASA funding. I've ignored them, and it's been political suicide.† â€Å"Until now.† â€Å"Exactly. As we discussed this morning, this discovery's timing will seem suspect to political cynics, and nobody's as cynical as my staff is at the moment. Therefore, when they hear this information for the first time, I want it to come from-â€Å" â€Å"You haven't told your staff about the meteorite?† â€Å"Only a few top advisers. Keeping this discovery a secret has been a top priority.† Rachel was stunned. No wonder he's facing a mutiny. â€Å"But this is not my usual area. A meteorite could hardly be considered an intelligence-related gist.† â€Å"Not in the traditional sense, but it certainly has all the elements of your usual work-complex data that needs to be distilled, substantial political ramifications-â€Å" â€Å"I am not a meteorite specialist, sir. Shouldn't your staff be briefed by the administrator of NASA?† â€Å"Are you kidding? Everyone here hates him. As far as my staff is concerned, Ekstrom is the snake-oil salesman who has lured me into bad deal after bad deal.† Rachel could see the point. â€Å"How about Corky Marlinson? The National Medal in Astrophysics? He's got far more credibility than I do.† â€Å"My staff is made up of politicians, Rachel, not scientists. You've met Dr. Marlinson. I think he's terrific, but if I let an astrophysicist loose on my team of left-brain, think-inside-the-box intellectuals, I'll end up with a herd of deer in the headlights. I need someone accessible. You're the one, Rachel. My staff knows your work, and considering your family name, you're about as unbiased a spokesperson as my staff could hope to hear from.† Rachel felt herself being pulled in by the President's affable style. â€Å"At least you admit my being the daughter of your opponent has something to do with your request.† The President gave a sheepish chuckle. â€Å"Of course it does. But, as you can imagine, my staff will be briefed one way or another, no matter what you decide. You are not the cake, Rachel, you are simply the icing. You are the individual most qualified to do this briefing, and you also happen to be a close relative of the man who wants to kick my staff out of the White House next term. You've got credibility on two accounts.† â€Å"You should be in sales.† â€Å"As a matter of fact, I am. As is your father. And to be honest, I'd like to close a deal for a change.† The President removed his glasses and looked into Rachel's eyes. She felt a touch of her father's power in him. â€Å"I am asking you as a favor, Rachel, and also because I believe it is part of your job. So which is it? Yes or no? Will you brief my staff on this matter?† Rachel felt trapped inside the tiny PSC trailer. Nothing like the hard sell. Even from three thousand miles away, Rachel could feel the strength of his will pressing through the video screen. She also knew this was a perfectly reasonable request, whether she liked it or not. â€Å"I'd have conditions,† Rachel said. Herney arched his eyebrows. â€Å"Being?† â€Å"I meet your staff in private. No reporters. This is a private briefing, not a public endorsement.† â€Å"You have my word. Your meeting is already slated for a very private location.† Rachel sighed. â€Å"All right then.† The President beamed. â€Å"Excellent.† Rachel checked her watch, surprised to see it was already a little past four o'clock. â€Å"Hold on,† she said, puzzled, â€Å"if you're going live at eight P.M., we don't have time. Even in that vile contraption you sent me up here in, I couldn't get back to the White House for another couple of hours at the very fastest. I'd have to prepare my remarks and-â€Å"

Free Essays on Supermax Prisons

From the beginning of the prison system to today’s modern times there has been many changes and advancements in how criminals are housed. The only thing that hasn’t changed is the types of offenders that exist inside. It has been said that there are two types of offenders. The first type is the lesser violent and non-aggressive inmates that cooperate with the Correctional Officers and other personnel in charge. They are usually housed together at night and work together during the day. Typically, the inmates are able to remain civil with each other and are able to be mixed together. The other types are the more seriously violent criminals. They are usually confined in separate areas of the prison away from the other less violent criminals or are taken to a more secured prison called the â€Å"Supermax† prison. â€Å"Supermax† prisons, also known as Super-maximum security prisons, are places intended to house offenders that terrorize the safety of the public, prison personnel, and other less violent inmates. They can be located in separated units in regular federal prisons or isolated by themselves away from communities. There are approximately 32 to 42 states that currently have supermax prisons in operation and for the other states the do not they transfer their inmates to these prisons (Briggs). The theory behind super-max prisons is that total separation from the world will bring about behavioral change. â€Å"Control units subject inmates to extremes of isolation and control on the premise that they are too dangerous to be housed in â€Å"general population†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (BSOS). The characteristics of the typical inmate include severe mental illness, disruptiveness, abusiveness, extreme violence, uncooperativeness, prone to escaping or attempt to escape often, and those who have serious behavior problems (Anderson). The prisoners themselves live in individual cells and remain there for ... Free Essays on Supermax Prisons Free Essays on Supermax Prisons From the beginning of the prison system to today’s modern times there has been many changes and advancements in how criminals are housed. The only thing that hasn’t changed is the types of offenders that exist inside. It has been said that there are two types of offenders. The first type is the lesser violent and non-aggressive inmates that cooperate with the Correctional Officers and other personnel in charge. They are usually housed together at night and work together during the day. Typically, the inmates are able to remain civil with each other and are able to be mixed together. The other types are the more seriously violent criminals. They are usually confined in separate areas of the prison away from the other less violent criminals or are taken to a more secured prison called the â€Å"Supermax† prison. â€Å"Supermax† prisons, also known as Super-maximum security prisons, are places intended to house offenders that terrorize the safety of the public, prison personnel, and other less violent inmates. They can be located in separated units in regular federal prisons or isolated by themselves away from communities. There are approximately 32 to 42 states that currently have supermax prisons in operation and for the other states the do not they transfer their inmates to these prisons (Briggs). The theory behind super-max prisons is that total separation from the world will bring about behavioral change. â€Å"Control units subject inmates to extremes of isolation and control on the premise that they are too dangerous to be housed in â€Å"general population†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (BSOS). The characteristics of the typical inmate include severe mental illness, disruptiveness, abusiveness, extreme violence, uncooperativeness, prone to escaping or attempt to escape often, and those who have serious behavior problems (Anderson). The prisoners themselves live in individual cells and remain there for ...

Florine Stettheimer, Avant-Garde Artist of the Jazz Age

Florine Stettheimer, Avant-Garde Artist of the Jazz Age Florine Stettheimer (August 19, 1871–May 11, 1944) was an American painter and poet whose brushy, colorful canvases depicted the social milieux of New York in the Jazz Age. During her lifetime, Stettheimer chose to keep her distance from the mainstream art world and only shared her work selectively. As a result, her legacy as a truly original American Folk-Modernist, while still modest, is now slowly building, decades after her death. Fast Facts: Florine Stettheimer Known For: Jazz Age artist with an avant-garde styleBorn: August 19, 1871 in Rochester, New YorkDied: May 11, 1944 in New York City, New YorkEducation: Art Students League of New YorkSelected Work: Cathedrals series, Family Portrait II, Asbury Park Early Life Florine Stettheimer was born in 1871 in Rochester, New York, the fourth of five children. Throughout her life, she had a close relationship with the two siblings closest to her in age- her older sister Carrie and her younger sister Ettie- as none of the sisters ever married. Both of Stettheimer’s parents were descendants of successful banking families. When her father Joseph left the family when the girls were children, they lived off their mothers, Rosetta Walter Stettheimer, sizable inheritance. In later life, Stettheimer’s independent wealth may have accounted for some of her reluctance to show her work publicly, as she was not dependent on the art market to support herself. This, in turn, may have affected the content of her work, as she was not forced to abide by the whims of cultural tastes and could more or less paint as she pleased. Florine Stettheimer, Spring Sale at Bendels (1921), oil on canvas, Philadelphia Museum of Art. Public Domain Personality and Persona Stettheimer spent her early years of schooling in Germany, but returned to New York City often to take classes at the Art Students League. She moved back to New York in 1914 before the start of World War I and took a studio near Bryant Park in the Beaux-Arts building. She became close friends with many of the movers and shakers in the art world at the time, including the father of Dada (and creator of R. Mutt’s Fountain), Marcel Duchamp, who taught French to the Stettheimer sisters. The company the Stettheimer sisters kept was highly creative. Many of the men and women who frequented Alwyn Court (the Stettheimer home on 58th Street and 7th Avenue) were artists and members of the avant-garde. Frequent visitors included Romaine Brooks, Marsden Hartley, Georgia O’Keefe, and Carl Van Vechten. Stettheimer’s politics and attitudes were distinctly liberal. She attended an early feminist conference in France when she was in her twenties, did not cringe at risquà © depictions of sexuality on stage, and was an ardent supporter of Al Smith, who favored a woman’s right to vote. She was also an outspoken supporter of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal, making it the centerpiece of her famous Cathedrals of Wall Street (1939), now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. She collected George Washington memorabilia and called him the â€Å"only man I collect.† Despite the time she spent in Europe, Stettheimer’s love of her home country is clear in the scenes of jubilation she choose to represent under its flag. Work Stettheimer’s best known works are of social scenes or portraits interspersed with symbolic references to their subjects’ lives and milieux, often including some reference to her own identity as a painter. Florine Stettheimer, The Cathedrals of Broadway, 1929, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Public Domain / CC01.0   From a young age, the multi-sensory experience of attending the theater appealed to Stettheimer. Though her initial attempts at set design failed (she approached the dancer Vaslav Nijinsky with an idea of bringing the myth of Orpheus to the stage with her as set designer, only to be rejected), there is an undeniable theatricality to her canvases. Their visually-optimized but inaccurate perspective allows for the entire scene to be viewed from one point of view, and their elaborate framing devices give off the appearance of a proscenium or other elements of a theater or stage. Later in her life, Stettheimer did design the sets and costumes for Four Saints in Three Acts, an opera whose libretto was written by famed modernist Gertrude Stein. Art Career In 1916, Stettheimer was given a solo show at the well-known M. Knoedler Co. Gallery, but the show was not well received. It was the first and last solo show of her work in her lifetime. Stettheimer opted instead for throwing â€Å"birthday parties† for each new painting––essentially a party thrown in her home whose main event was the unveiling of a new work. The social occasion model of exhibiting was not a far cry from the salons for which the Stettheimer women were known during the interwar years. Stettheimer was known as a wit with a sharp tongue, uninhibited when it came to social critique. Her painting, as well as her poetry, are clear evidence of this assessment, such as the commentary on the art market which is the driving force of this poem: Art is Spelled with a Capital AAnd capital also backs itIgnorance also makes it swayThe chief thing is to make it payIn a quite dizzying wayHurrah–hurrah– Stettheimer was very deliberate about her image as an artist, often refusing to be photographed by the many significant photographers she counted among her friends (including Cecil Beaton) and instead opting to be represented by her painted self. Appearing in the straight cuts of clothing fashionable in the 1920s, the painted version of Florine wore red high heels and never seemed to age past forty, despite the fact that the artist died in her early 70s. While most often she would directly insert her image, palette in hand, into a scene, in Soirà ©e (c. 1917), she includes a nude self-portrait not widely exhibited (presumably because of its salacious content). Later Life and Death Florine Stettheimer died in 1944, two weeks before the Museum of Modern Art exhibited what she called her â€Å"masterpiece,† Family Portrait II (1939), a canvas which returned to her favorite subjects: her sisters, her mother, and her beloved New York City. Two years after her death, her great friend Marcel Duchamp helped organize a retrospective of her work at the same museum. Sources Bloemink, Barbara. Imagine The Fun Florine Stettheimer Would Have With Donald Trump: The Artist As Feminist, Democrat, And Chronicler Of Her Time.  Artnews, 2018, artnews.com/2017/07/06/imagine-the-fun-florine-stettheimer-would-have-with-donald-trump-the-artist-as-feminist-democrat-and-chronicler-of-her-time/. Brown, Stephen, and Georgiana Uhlyarik.  Florine Stettheimer: Painting Poetry. Yale University Press, 2017.Gotthardt, Alexxa. The Flamboyant Feminism Of Cult Artist Florine Stettheimer.  Artsy, 2018, https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-flamboyant-feminism-cult-artist-florine-stettheimer. Smith, Roberta. A Case For The Greatness Of Florine Stettheimer.  nytimes.com, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/18/arts/design/a-case-for-the-greatness-of-florine-stettheimer.html.

International Bus Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Bus Management - Essay Example communications, technology and transportation have provided the process a new momentum and have made the planet more co-dependent than ever (Global Policy Forum, 2010). The multinational organizations manufacture their products in a number of countries and sell to the consumers around the globe (Global Policy Forum, 2010). Raw materials, Money, technology and human resources have started moving across nations more swiftly than ever. Along with that the products, finances, cultures and ideas circulate more easily (Global Policy Forum, 2010). As a consequence, the legal, social and economics movements have been forming in International level. It is the time to have globalization in every aspect; globalization of economics, globalization of culture and legal environment (Global Policy Forum, 2010). The company, Nestle is a leading global company with its existence in around 130 countries around the world (Nestle, n.d.).The report consists of the analysis of its strategy in local and global markets. The company’s competitive strategy, foreign market entry strategy, market enhancement strategies as well as some other local and global strategies has been discussed below. At the same time a glance at the organizational structure of the company can provide an influential factor behind the success of the organization. Nestle is one of the most respected brand name in the global food and beverage industry. The company promotes its products in around 130 nations across the globe (Nestle, n.d.). Some of its well known global brands include Maggi, Nestea, Nescafe, Friskies and Nestle. Apart from its own products the company owns around 52% of shares of Alcon Inc and about 30 % of the cosmetic giant, L’Oreal (Hoovers, 2010). Such diverse range of products makes it a leading brand not only in the world of food and beverages but attempts to elevate it to greater heights. This part of the report has been based on the tactical theories, written by renowned authors on

The ways in which use of the strange and unfamiliar prompts the reader Research Paper

The ways in which use of the strange and unfamiliar prompts the reader to think about the known and the familiar - Research Paper Example However, the Goblin Market is a poem which is narrated by Christina Rossetti’s, the poem describes the markets place dynamic and Rossetti depicts on how the† Goblin† or the merchant’s cries for the business. The merchants croon by shouting out loud for the crowd to come and buy, come and buy which they repeat it several times so that they can attract the customer’s attention to go, and buy their products. The merchant does this by preparing the list of the items in a paratactic manner. These two books try to analyze the ways in which the use of the strange and unfamiliar prompts the reader to think about the known and the familiar. All through the ages, the man has always struggled in defining the necessary situation of the utopian society. Writers along with philosophers proclaim that they discovered the key to perfect societal structure; however, they sometimes fall short in a number of aspects. The perfect society cannot easily be attained, and almost impossible to achieve it completely. Gulliver’s Travels, invites readers into the world which is ruled by the creatures who looks like the horses, recognized as Houyhnhnms, who in spite of being kind, calm, and coherent, they lack the critical thought as well as wisdom. These animals rule their whole lives on the morals of reason, good value, wisdom, and self-control, and they believe that, the only means of living is by being friendly as well as benevolent, to their own kindness. Gulliver’s Travel is a story of adventuring that involves several voyages of a man by the name Lemuel Gulliver, known to be a surgeon because of the series of the mishaps and an ability to route to the recognized ports and end ups on several of the unknown islands where he lives with the people as well as, animals of the unusual sizes, he is able to go back to his home in

Application Letter to the University of Fairleigh Dickinson Essay

Application Letter to the University of Fairleigh Dickinson - Essay Example I have always wanted to get a degree from a reputed university that will offer me innumerable opportunities in life from numerous perspectives. When considering applying to a university, I have based my choices and preferences on a number of criteria such as the reputation of the university, the cosmopolitan nature offered at the campus, the range of courses offered, importance to activities apart from study and lastly the emphasis laid on the exposure to internationalism. I strongly believe that among the choices that I have considered and researched, the Fairleigh Dickinson University certainly has come to outscore the others as it has provided me with such an insight that has left me mesmerized and created an urge in me to come in and experience the rich heritage personally. The first and the foremost things that captivated my thought when I had a look at the university web portal was the vast number of campuses, colleges and the range of mediums over which priceless education was being offered to prospective students. I sincerely felt that such an extended range of courses left me with much more than I could expect to choose from. I believe that it is extremely important in terms of my career to choose a course of my choice as I firmly believe that in order to succeed at work, true commitment and a liking for the job is a must. At a personal level, I have always wanted to support the expenses for my education and I was delighted and encouraged upon finding the extensive range of scholarship options that the university offers. I was also encouraged by the fact that the university plays host to a large contingent of students from other countries and I have always been willing to meet new people of different cultures and see the world through them. I strongly believe that if I get an opportunity to meet people from as much as 80 countries, my self-belief of being a global citizen will be further strengthened. I am also happy and encouraged by the

Extraordinary Measures Film Analysis

Extraordinary Measures Film Analysis The film Extraordinary Measures is based on a true story which follows the journey of a father who is determined to save his young childrens lives. John and Aileen Crowley have three kids, two of which who have a rare genetic disorder called pompe disease. Pompe disease is a rare inherited disorder in which the glycogen in the body is not broken down, and thus the glycogen builds up within the bodys cells. This can cause muscular dystrophy and eventually lead to enlarged organs. The children born with this disease often times live a very short life of about ten years and die because their organs can no longer function with this glycogen build up. In the film, John Crowley has two children with pompe, but the story revolves around his eight-year-old daughter Megan. Megan just recently turned eight years old when she fell ill and was rushed to the hospital because to her respiratory system was starting to fail. While in the hospital, the doctor spoke to John and Aileen about Megans conditions. When explaining that her chances of survival were slim, he used the phrase think of it as a blessing when talking about Megans impending death. While the doctor was trying to help the Crowleys with this situation, the Crowleys obviously didnt want to think of their daughters passing away as a blessing. Though Megan survived, John didnt want to sit around and watch as his children were slowly dying in front of him, so he took matters into his own hands and reached out to Dr. Robert Stonehill. Dr. Stonehill was a scientist who was researching pompe disease and the enzyme that breaks down the glycogen in the body, which is missing in those d iagnosed with the disease. During their meeting, Dr. Stonehill explained to John that the university wasnt providing enough funding to allow him to further test his theory about the missing enzyme. When he told John that he needed at least half a million dollars, John and Aileen decided to create a pompe disease foundation to help raise the money to create the treatment. As John worked as an advertising executive, Dr. Stonehill saw that as an opportunity to work with John to create their own biotech company to research the enzyme. The only issue with this was they needed a lot more funding then the foundation was able to raise. Though John tried to get Dr. Stonehill to meet with investors, he was very uncooperative. Though the two of them often disagreed with one another, the one thing they agreed on was that it was important to find a treatment for the disease, thus allowing them to eventually come to terms and sign a business deal. Months into research on the enzyme, John realizes that the investors were unhappy with the slow progress of the study. Dr. Stonehill and John had promised that they would bring the enzyme into clinical trials in a year, but they werent making enough head way to do so. This lead to another disagreement between John and Dr. Stonehill, resulting in them selling their company to the competition. Dr. Stonehill, being the stubborn man he is, angered and annoyed many people in the company, leading to John going behind his back to make the competitors happy. A group of researchers, excluding Dr. Stonehill, went on to further enhance the enzyme. Eventually, the drug was approved to go into clinical trials, but the scientists agreed that they would use it on infants. As Johns children werent infants, they wouldnt be treated with the enzyme, which was John was working towards the whole time. This lead to John doing some unethical things, such as breaking into the lab and trying to steal the enz yme himself to give it to his children. Luckily, Dr. Stonehill was able to get John out of trouble, but there was still the issue that John worked for the company and using his children in clinical trials would be a conflict of interest. The movie concluded with John getting fired from his job, allowing them to use his two children in a sibling study. The film ended with his children laughing in their hospitals beds, showing what is called a sugar high, indicating that the enzyme was indeed working and breaking down the glycogen. In the beginning of the movie, it seemed to relate with the topic of the patient-professional relationship that was discussed in an earlier lecture in this course. When the Crowleys had a health scare with their daughter Megan, it seemed as if they didnt have a good relationship with the doctor. I understand that the doctor was trying to be professional and make sure not to give the family a false hope, but I believe that there could have been a different way to go about telling a family that their daughters chances of survival were slim. The doctor had used the phrase think of [Megans passing away] as a blessing. Personally, I feel as if using that phrase came off as a little insensitive. There is no easy way to tell parents that their childs chances of surviving were low. Also with the case of pompe disease, the family must need to visit various doctors all the time, so Im not sure if they have enough time to have a good relationship with the many doctors that they visit. Even so, when dealing with a disease as serious as pompe, I do believe that it would benefit the family to have a doctor that they trusted and had a good relationship with. Another topic that was discussed in this course was death and dying. When faced with death, many people often turn to religion as a way to cope. Though death was heavily touched in this film, religion was only mentioned once or twice. The part that stood out to me in the film regarding religion was when Megan was in the hospital when her respiratory system was starting to fail. John had mentioned later in the film that when she was on her death bed, he has prayed to God that if it was her time, that she would die fast and peacefully. While Megan herself did not pray, her father had turned to religion as a coping mechanism. When Megan did not die, John used this as inspiration and a sign from God that he needed to be the one to help save his daughter. This just shows one of the many ways that people can turn to religion to make themselves feel better. Personally, I think the thing about the movie that related most to this course is the ethics that are involved in this movie. It seems as a huge dilemma in this movie was between John and the scientists differing points of view. John was very passionate about finding a treatment for pompe disease because he was closely linked to the disease through his children who were affected by it. He was desperate to save his childrens lives. In the movie, it seem that his desperation got the best of him and he would have done anything to save his children such as stealing the enzyme from the lab. Though he didnt end up stealing the enzyme, he was willing to do anything to help his children. I know that if I was a parent, I would probably do anything myself to help my children live longer. Though the love he had for his children was strong, that still doesnt make what he was about to do right. When it came to the scientists, they were very conservative with what they did. They followed the rules very seriously. Dr. Stonehill on the other hand did not. He was also willing to do anything to help these children. When John brought in the families who were affected by pompe disease, one of the scientists was upset. He explained to John that science was not a field that should get mixed up in emotions. If the scientist got emotional, they were willing to do anything to save those childrens lives, even changing the results to show that the drug worked. While I do agree that its important the scientist is truthful about the results, I also believe that being emotionally connected to a project could benefit the scientist in a way. I see nothing wrong with a scientist being motivated by their emotions to work on a project, as long as the scientist is truthful in their results. They need to remember that their job is to help people, and if they skip steps or lie about results, that c ould ultimately hurt more people in the long run. The film Extraordinary Measures touched many of the topics that were mentioned in this course thus far. It showed examples on how it is very important to have a medical team that you have a good relationship with and trust. In hard times, such as having a close call with losing a child, I believe that it is extremely important to have a good support system. In that support system, I think that its also important to be able to have a doctor that you trust fully. You want to know that your child or loved one is not only in the hands of someone that knows what they are doing, but someone who cares about them as a patient.ÂÂ   It showed that many families, if not the patients themselves, turn to religion as a coping mechanism during hard times. I believe that it is very therapeutic to turn to religion as a coping mechanism in hard times. Like in Johns case, he used religion as an inspiration and push into looking for a cure for his children. Personally, I am a firm believer that eve rything happens for a reason. This way of thinking can be hard if something terrible happens, but in the end I do think it helps with looking at the silver lining. The film also showed that it may be hard to be passionate about something but also to follow the rules and not let your emotions get in the way of the purpose of the study. Passion is a very good motivator for many things and people. It can help you get through the days that you feel you are too tired to do something. It can help you push through the bad days when it feels as nothing is going your way. Its a fantastic motivator if you use it the correct way. You need to make sure that your passion doesnt cloud your judgement and get in the way of ethical solutions. Overall, I think the movie showed the importance of teamwork in the medical field. While it is important to be passionate about what you do, it is also important to be reasonable. John and Dr. Stonehill showed passion in different ways. John showed passion in finding a cure as his childrens lives were depending on the cure and he was running out of time with them. Dr. Stonehill showed passion in his research and finding a treatment to help those who had the disease. The scientists in the movie were the more responsible, logical characters. The scientists, while wanting to find a treatment, also knew the importance of following policy. They didnt want to pursue a study if there were not going to be any results. They knew the FDA regulations, and wanted to make sure that they were followed. As much as they wanted to help find a treatment, they wanted to make sure they were not overly optimistic and there was a successful outcome in the end. This movie is a direct indicator that humanit ies are important in not only the medical field, but any science field, and as long as people work together and combine their knowledge and the humanities, they can make a difference in the medical field.

Faustian Deal in The Woman in White, The Picture of Dorian Gray, and D

The Faustian deal and subsequent fall is a common theme throughout literature, and with each new iteration sheds increased light on the character of the individual and of society. The Woman in White by Wilkie Collins, The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson are all texts which exhibit the Faustian deal and descent, complete with Doctor Faustus and Mephistopheles counterparts. Sir Percival Glyde, Dorian Gray, and Dr. Edward Hyde are all characters who are ultimately lead to their moral downfalls by their respective Mephistopheles counterparts. Specifically, the characters of Sir Percival Glyde, Dorian Gray, and Dr. Henry Jekyll fulfill and contrast the Faustian archetype, who are aided in their moral descent by their Mephistopheles foils, Count Fosco, Lord Henry Wotton, and Mr. Edward Hyde respectively. The characters of the different novels will be compared against one another and a discourse about what their varying motivation s reveal about their respective moral compasses will be conducted. Among other vices the characters exhibit, vanity plays a prime part in their individual development. Vanity is a detriment on the individual, and serves as a driving force behind the three character’s motivations, ultimately leading to their respective downfalls. At its core, the Faustian deal is a contract between an individual who aspires to be or achieve a type of greatness and a devil who enables the individual to do so at a severe cost. There are different versions, including the original German legend, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s Faust and Christopher Marlowe’s The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus. Most typically, as in the case of the titular Faust of leg... ...pr. 2014. Marlowe, Christopher. Doctor Faustus. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. 2nd ed. New York: Signet Classics, 2010. Print. Puhvel, Martin. "Mephostophilis's Manipulation of Faustus." English Studies 71.1 (1990): 1-5. Literary Reference Center. Web. 02 May 2014. Sanyal, Arundhati. "Taboo in The Picture of Dorian Gray." The Taboo. Ed. Harold Bloom and Blake Hobby. New York: Bloom's Literary Criticism, 2010. 147-56. Print. Stevenson, Robert Louis. Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. New Lanark: Waverley, 2008. Print. Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Ed. Joseph Bristow. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2008. Print. Yirinec, Jennifer A. "Re-Envisioning the Faust Legend: Christopher Marlowe's The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus and Richard Burton and Nevill Coghill's Doctor Faustus" Literature Film Quarterly 41.1 (2013): 67-76. Literary Reference Center. Web. 03 May 2014.

Favorite Genre Essay

There are many different genres of movies – science fiction, romance, drama, adventure, comedy, to name a few. Certain ones appeal more to some people than others. In my opinion, adventure, comedy, and science fiction are the best of all the genres. Adventure movies top the list when it comes to being the best. They are full of action, have good story lines, and keep me on the edge of my seat. Adventure movies are thrilling and never boring. What I like best is finding it easy to imagine myself as part of the adventure. Some of my favorite adventure movies include â€Å"Lord of the Rings†, â€Å"Chronicles of Narnia†, â€Å"Pirates of the Caribbean†, and â€Å"National Treasure†. There are more adventure movies in the list of the best top 10 movies from 2004-2006 than any other type of movie. The second most popular type of movie over the past three years has been comedy movies. I too agree that comedy movies are wonderful. Everybody likes to laugh, including me. It is said that laughter is the best medicine. With all the bad things going on in the world today, everyone needs to have a good laugh every now and then. Some of my favorite comedy movies include â€Å"Shrek† and â€Å"Shrek 2†. The third most popular type of movie at the box office is science fiction. This is also my third favorite type of movie. Science fiction movies are thrilling, suspenseful, and action filled. They can be scary too. Science fiction movies are typically â€Å"guy movies†. They allow for limitless imagination. Some of my favorite science fiction movies include all the â€Å"Star Wars† movies, â€Å"Alien vs. Predator†, â€Å"Men in Black†, and â€Å"War of the Worlds†. So, in my opinion, adventure ranks number one, comedy ranks number two, and science fiction ranks number three. According to the results at the box office, I’m not the only one who thinks so. So, go to the movies or rent an adventure, a comedy, or a science fiction movie and enjoy!

Development of police -Time line history Essay

The Roman Vigiles are recognized world over as the first police force. Gaius Octavius who was Julius Caesars’ grandnephew created this â€Å"non-military and non-mercenary police† in 27 B.C. (Berg, B.1998) The creation of the force followed the assassination of Julius Caesar and Gaius sought to reform the Roman society as a form of revenge. This was done once Gaius ascended to power to become Augustus Caesar the â€Å"first emperor of Rome.† (Berg, B.1998) However it was not until the 17th century that elements of policing started being practiced in the US after being adopted from the English watch system. This system was to later evolve to the American watch system, which had a form of silent, and unseen policing based on â€Å"hue and cry.† (Berg, B.1998) Among the first parts to adopt this system was the Boston night watch formed in 1631; this system enlisted 6 watchmen, a constable and many volunteers. American policing is normally classified into 3 distinct eras that are discussed below. The political Era (1840-1930) The major characteristic of this era was the close relationship between the police on one hand and politicians on the other. This relationship in most cases was geared towards â€Å"making the politician happy† The police system was very decentralized and its main purpose was to provide basic social services. Inherent in the police system during this era was the endemic corruption. http://www.realpolice.net/police-history.shtml   Sometimes this era is called the â€Å"Spoils Era† which called for large-scale adaptation to the social changes that were taking place in America. This era is named so because as the term puts it â€Å"to the Victor go the spoils† whereby the political class in big cities often controlled their municipal police. http://www.realpolice.net/police-history.shtml During the period of 1835 America was hit by numerous Industrial and race riots, which involved mostly the Native Americans and the immigrant Irish. In response to these riots, the police force was assigned the function of controlling them. However, because the type of system used was variably inadequate and ineffective the answer was found in police officers that would be salaried. (Walker, S.1998) 1845 marked the beginning of a salaried police force in America. This was in New York City where the police were called â€Å"coppers† because of the copper star badges they wore. They worked throughout, day and night mainly to control riots. http://www.realpolice.net/police-history.shtml The â€Å"coppers† were armed with guns and were usually trained to think smarter than their working class counter parts. This system was to soon spread to other states like Boston where detectives and informants were being used and Philadelphia with the characteristic â€Å"mug shots.† http://www.realpolice.net/police-history.shtml The Texas Ranger which was founded in 1845 is mentioned as the first state police organization and it is always well remembered for the atrocities against Mexicans and â€Å"Comanche tribes.† However, the Pennsylvania Constabulary is generally accepted as the first professional state police agency. The constabulary initial functions was to aide mine-owners against strikes in the mines. (Walker, S. 1998) The California Gold Rush of 1848 prompted the formation of Federal police agencies that included the Border Patrol, the IRS, Postal Inspector and the Secret Service. In1855 Allan Pinkerton was a model for federal investigators after founding the Pinkerton’s private security agency. Other agencies that sprouted up during this time were Holmes Burglar Alarm Company and the Brinks and Wells Fargo armored delivery services. By early 20th century the Spoils era was coming to a close, ending in 1900 when the Pendleton Act came into being. This Act was mainly enforced by a civil service system to fight corruption and nepotism. Several innovations were made, and the form of policing shifted from â€Å"brawn to brain†. (Berg, B.1998) During this time professionalism took center stage and led to the formation in 1902 of the International Association of Chiefs of police (IACP). Richard Sylvester became the body’s first president; he was also the Washington D.C.P.D chief and is widely recognized as the â€Å"father of police professionalism.† Many aspects of paramilitary policing were developed during this time. (Walker, Samuel 1977) By 1918, August Vollmer as the chief of the Berkeley P.D became   â€Å"the patriarch of police professionalism†. During his time, for the first time in America advancement in crime labs and finger printing were realized, more and bigger police stations were built accompanied by change of job titles. The professionalism saw the establishment of police unions at the bottom ranks. (Walker, Samuel 1977) In 1915, the Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) was established. The establishment of the Federation Of State County Municipal Employees (AFSCME), and the International Conference Of Police Association (ICPA), the umbrella group of teamsters, followed this. Another aspect of this era was the involvement of citizen groups in the police reforms a notable model was the Chicago Crime Commission. The commission was more of civilian oversights board that sort to bring intellectual ideas about causes of crime. During this era policewomen were given the chance to do real police work, for the first time. Another peculiar development during this era was the Volstead Act on the 18th Amendment or Prohibition in 1919.This was an era characterized by gangsterism of such renowned gangsters like Al Capone and John Dilinger. It was also a time during the Great Depression where there was widespread unemployment and law was unenforceable. Thus the main function of the police during this time was fighting crime because the number of gangsters had increased and they had become more organized. It was this period that is often described as the Prohibition Era when attempts were made to ban alcohol sales and consumption. (Walker, S. 1998) All together there was an escalation of such crimes as kidnapping, daylight bank robberies and drive by shooting. The police were under intense pressure to contain the runaway crime and most time resorted to the use of brute force including the use of dirty tricks. Notable police leaders who emerged during this time were J.Edgar Hoover and Elliot Ness. They often used covert means and latest technology to check on the raising crime. The advent of the two ways radio, the police car and the telephone transformed greatly the policing system to become a more reactive system. (Gaines, L.& Vaughn J. 1999) The Reform Era (1830-1980)   The reform era was ushered in by various transformations that started taking place in the police system in the 1920s led by August Vollmer who was Berkeley, California Police Chief (Carte, G. & E. 1975). During this era new technology started being adopted and greater professionalism enhanced (Walker, Samuel 1977). Such professionalism centralized the command and control of the police operations. Such officers like O.W Wilson who introduced professionalism in Wichita, Kansas and the Chicago police drastically reduced corruption. Here training of the police was greatly emphasized. (Bopp, W 1977) O.W. Wilson introduced various strategies like rotation of officers from one community to another to reduce corruption incidences, strict merit promotion system, and higher salaries to attract professionals and aggressive recruiting drives. (Bopp, W 1977) However, there remained a bad relationship between the police on one hand and the minority communities on the other because of the highly autocratic police leaders. The police during this period despite of the reformations concentrated more on felonies and other serious crimes. (Bopp, W 1977) The 1960s were marked by urban unrests that included movements such as the civil rights, the Vietnam, the student rights and counterculture. There was an escalation of serial and mass murders with an increased number of police killed in the line of duty that averaged 100 annually. The crime rates soared tripling during this period. (Carte, G. & E. 1975). In 1968 the National Advisory Commission on civil disorders blamed the riots on the police and following the abolishment of the death penalty 1967-1977,the police were faced with a heavy task of checking on the rise in crime whilst doing it professionally. In 1965 President Johnson formed the Presidents Commission On Law Enforcement And Administration Of Justice whose reports were influential in providing an overhaul criminal justice system model. It was during this period that the police information system became computerized and more emphasis was placed on empowering the criminal justice system. (Carte, G. & E. 1975). In the 1970s the interest shifted to the Police Community Relations when the reactive policing approach was found to be ineffective. Corruption in the police force was still endemic and various commissions were formed to investigate it. Such commissions were common and were formed by citizens and financed by the private sector or community groups. (Walker, S. 1998) Various programs were started towards enforcing the police community relations and included such programs as open houses and ride a longs, citizen self defense trainings, citizen police academies and â€Å"Coffee Klatches† or community meetings. These outreaches helped the police realize their public safety function, where â€Å"fighting the fear of crime was as important as fighting crime itself† (Gaines, L.& Vaughn J. 1999) The Community Era (1980- Preset) Many law enforcement agencies in the 1990s started adopting strategies of community policing and problem oriented policing. Problem oriented policing that was characterized by a centralized problem pinpointing approach came first. (Gaines, L.& Vaughn J. 1999)   Community policing defined as â€Å"a philosophy based on citizens and police working together in creative ways to help solve contemporary problems related to crime fear disorder and decay†. (Gaines, L.& Vaughn J. 1999) Community policing is characterized by the incorporation of the public in combating crime, where the police are more involved with the community they police, now than ever before. (Gaines, L.& Vaughn J. 1999) It was also during the 1990s that New York Police Department developed an information based crime pattern tracking and mapping system. The system’s purpose was to check the trends and patterns in crime and the accountability of dealing with crime problems is given to the police.